[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"framework:mitre-attack\u002Ft1557":3},{"item":4,"lessons":18,"controls":69,"related":99},{"family":5,"item":6,"code":7,"title":8,"citations":9,"publisher":10,"summary_md":11,"official_text":12,"official_attribution":13,"official_url":14,"link_label":15,"note":16,"updated_at":17},"mitre-attack","t1557","T1557","Adversary-in-the-Middle",24,"MITRE","**What attackers do.** Attackers position themselves between two parties, such as a user and a website or two hosts on a network, to intercept or alter traffic. On local networks this can involve poisoning name resolution or ARP; on the internet it includes reverse proxy phishing kits that capture passwords and session cookies. It serves Credential Access and Collection.\n\n**How to defend.** Disable legacy name resolution protocols such as LLMNR and NetBIOS where not needed, enforce SMB signing and encrypted protocols, and use network access control. Against phishing proxies, use phishing-resistant MFA such as FIDO2, which binds authentication to the real site. Monitor DHCP, ARP and DNS changes on internal networks.\n\n**Signs to look for.** Look for duplicate or changing MAC to IP mappings, rogue DHCP servers, unexpected name resolution responses, and logins whose session is immediately reused from a different IP. The common gap is assuming MFA stops credential phishing when the kit relays the MFA step as well.","Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices using an adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) technique to support follow-on behaviors such as Network Sniffing, Transmitted Data Manipulation, or replay attacks (Exploitation for Credential Access). By abusing features of common networking protocols that can determine the flow of network traffic (e.g. ARP, DNS, LLMNR, etc.), adversaries may force a device to communicate through an adversary controlled system so they can collect information or perform additional actions.\n\nFor example, adversaries may manipulate victim DNS settings to enable other malicious activities such as preventing\u002Fredirecting users from accessing legitimate sites and\u002For pushing additional malware. Adversaries may also manipulate DNS and leverage their position in order to intercept user credentials, including access tokens (Steal Application Access Token) and session cookies (Steal Web Session Cookie). Downgrade Attacks can also be used to establish an AiTM position, such as by negotiating a less secure, deprecated, or weaker version of communication protocol (SSL\u002FTLS) or encryption algorithm.\n\nAdversaries may also leverage the AiTM position to attempt to monitor and\u002For modify traffic, such as in Transmitted Data Manipulation. Adversaries can setup a position similar to AiTM to prevent traffic from flowing to the appropriate destination, potentially to impair defenses and\u002For in support of a Network Denial of Service.","© The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation (MITRE ATT&CK®).","https:\u002F\u002Fattack.mitre.org\u002Ftechniques\u002FT1557\u002F","Open the technique on MITRE ATT&CK",null,"2026-10-18T15:18:43.663+00:00",{"total":19,"list":20},30,[21,25,29,33,37,41,45,49,53,57,61,65],{"slug":22,"title":23,"published_at":24},"state-actors-exploit-telecom-protocols-to-intercept-calls-and-sms-at-network-level","State Actors Exploit Telecom Protocols to Intercept Calls and SMS at Network Level","2026-11-13T13:22:35.957+00:00",{"slug":26,"title":27,"published_at":28},"live-reverse-proxies-defeat-mfa-by-hijacking-google-sessions-in-real-time","Live Reverse Proxies Defeat MFA by Hijacking Google Sessions in Real Time","2026-11-12T13:21:39.55+00:00",{"slug":30,"title":31,"published_at":32},"november-patch-tuesday-wormable-flaws-and-actively-exploited-outlook-bug-demand-urgent-action","November Patch Tuesday: Wormable Flaws and Actively Exploited Outlook Bug Demand Urgent Action","2026-11-11T10:21:23.124+00:00",{"slug":34,"title":35,"published_at":36},"actively-exploited-outlook-flaw-exposes-ntlmv2-hashes-patch-immediately","Actively Exploited Outlook Flaw Exposes NTLMv2 Hashes — Patch Immediately","2026-11-11T09:20:58.929+00:00",{"slug":38,"title":39,"published_at":40},"outlook-zero-day-among-1094-november-patch-tuesday-fixes-highlights-urgency-of-timely-patching","Outlook Zero-Day Among 1,094 November Patch Tuesday Fixes Highlights Urgency of Timely Patching","2026-11-10T23:20:24.208+00:00",{"slug":42,"title":43,"published_at":44},"outlook-zero-day-among-1093-flaws-patched-in-record-patch-tuesday","Outlook Zero-Day Among 1,093 Flaws Patched in Record Patch Tuesday","2026-11-10T20:22:41.854+00:00",{"slug":46,"title":47,"published_at":48},"aitm-phishing-campaign-bypasses-mfa-to-steal-google-credentials-from-taiwan-researchers","AitM Phishing Campaign Bypasses MFA to Steal Google Credentials from Taiwan Researchers","2026-10-16T18:21:24.446+00:00",{"slug":50,"title":51,"published_at":52},"china-linked-ta419-uses-aitm-phishing-to-target-ai-policy-experts","China-Linked TA419 Uses AitM Phishing to Target AI Policy Experts","2026-10-04T08:20:33.784+00:00",{"slug":54,"title":55,"published_at":56},"browser-based-attacks-bypass-edr-by-exploiting-legitimate-sessions","Browser-Based Attacks Bypass EDR by Exploiting Legitimate Sessions","2026-10-02T16:21:18.74+00:00",{"slug":58,"title":59,"published_at":60},"aitm-phishing-service-bypasses-mfa-at-hundreds-of-organizations","AiTM Phishing Service Bypasses MFA at Hundreds of Organizations","2026-09-07T16:20:25.374+00:00",{"slug":62,"title":63,"published_at":64},"novacookies-phaas-hijacks-docusign-lures-to-bypass-mfa-and-steal-m365-sessions","NovaCookies PhaaS Hijacks Docusign Lures to Bypass MFA and Steal M365 Sessions","2026-08-26T16:22:31.492+00:00",{"slug":66,"title":67,"published_at":68},"aitm-phishing-kit-bypasses-mfa-by-hijacking-microsoft-365-session-cookies","AitM Phishing Kit Bypasses MFA by Hijacking Microsoft 365 Session Cookies","2026-08-26T14:21:46.826+00:00",[70,75,79,84,89,94],{"slug":71,"name":72,"problem":73,"stories":74},"email-security","Email security","Phishing, malware and invoice fraud are filtered out before they reach inboxes.",22,{"slug":76,"name":77,"problem":78,"stories":74},"phishing-resistant-mfa","Phishing-resistant MFA","A stolen password, or a user who taps Approve on a push prompt, is no longer enough to log in.",{"slug":80,"name":81,"problem":82,"stories":83},"identity-threat-detection","Identity threat detection and response (ITDR)","Attackers who log in with real, stolen credentials get noticed.",16,{"slug":85,"name":86,"problem":87,"stories":88},"endpoint-detection-response","Endpoint detection and response (EDR and XDR)","Malware and hands-on-keyboard attackers on laptops and servers get spotted and stopped.",10,{"slug":90,"name":91,"problem":92,"stories":93},"dns-web-filtering","DNS filtering and secure web gateway","Users cannot reach known-malicious sites, and malware cannot phone home.",6,{"slug":95,"name":96,"problem":97,"stories":98},"patch-management","Automated patch management","Known holes get closed in days, not months.",4,[100,105,111,116,122,126,131,135],{"family":101,"item":102,"code":103,"title":104,"together":74},"gdpr","32","Article 32","Security of processing",{"family":106,"item":107,"code":108,"title":109,"together":110},"cis","6","Control 6","Access Control Management",20,{"family":112,"item":113,"code":114,"title":115,"together":110},"nist-800-53","ac-17","AC-17","Remote Access",{"family":117,"item":118,"code":119,"title":120,"together":121},"nist-sp","800-63","SP 800-63","SP 800-63: Digital Identity Guidelines",19,{"family":106,"item":123,"code":124,"title":125,"together":83},"9","Control 9","Email and Web Browser Protections",{"family":106,"item":127,"code":128,"title":129,"together":130},"4","Control 4","Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software",15,{"family":112,"item":132,"code":133,"title":134,"together":130},"si-3","SI-3","Malicious Code Protection",{"family":106,"item":136,"code":137,"title":138,"together":139},"13","Control 13","Network Monitoring and Defense",13]